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Murti (idols, images) of different deities A Murti (: मूर्ति, IAST: Mūrti) literally means any form, embodiment or solid object, and typically refers to an image, statue or idol of a deity or person in Indian culture. By the ceremony, the idol becomes identical with the deity. Murtis are also found in some nontheistic traditions, where they serve as symbols of revered persons inside Jain temples, and are worshipped in rituals. A Murti is typically made by carving stone, wood working, metal casting or through pottery. Medieval era texts describing their proper proportions, positions and gestures include the, and. The expressions in a Murti vary in diverse Hindu traditions, ranging from Ugra symbolism to express destruction, fear and violence (Durga, Kali), as well as Saumya symbolism to express joy, knowledge and harmony (Saraswati, Lakshmi). Saumya images are most common in.
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Other Murti forms found in Hinduism include the. A Murti is an embodiment of the divine, the Ultimate Reality or to some Hindus.
In religious context, they are found in or homes, where they may be treated as a beloved guest and serve as a participant of rituals in Hinduism. In other occasions, it serves as the center of attention in annual festive processions and these are called Utsava Murti.
Murti is sometimes referred to as murthi, or vigraha or pratima. A murti of Parvati Ganesha in Maheshwar temple, Murti literally means any solid body or form with definite shape or limits produced from material elements. It contrasts with mind, thought and the immaterial in ancient Indian literature. The term also refers to any embodiment, manifestation, incarnation, personification, appearance, image, idol or statue of a deity. The earliest mention of the term Murti occurs in primary composed in the 1st millennium BCE, particularly in verse 3.2 of, verse 1.13 of, verse 6.14 of and verse 1.5 of. For example, the Maitrayaniya Upanishad uses the term to mean a 'form, manifestation of time'.
The section sets out to prove Time exists, acknowledges the difficulty in proving Time exists by (epistemology in Indian philosophy), then inserts a theory of inductive inference for proof as follows. — Maitri Upanishad 6.14 The section includes the concept of Time and non-Time, stating that non-Time as that which existed before creation of universe, and time as which came into existence with the creation of universe.
Non-Time is indivisible, Time is divisible, and the Maitri Upanishad then asserts that 'Year is the Murti of time'. Robert Hume translates the discussion of Murti of time, in verse 6.14 of the Maitri Upanishad, as 'form'. Most scholars, such as, and Stephanie Jamison, state that there were neither Murti nor temples nor idol-facilitated worship in the Vedic era. The Vedic Hinduism rituals were directed at nature and abstract deities called during with hymns. However, there isn't universal consensus, with scholars such as AC Das, pointing to the word Mūradeva in verses 7.104.24, 10.87.2 and 10.87.14. This word may refer to ' who is fixed' or 'Deva who is foolish'.
The former interpretation, if accurate, may imply that there were communities in the Vedic era who had Devas in the form of Murti, and the context of these hymns suggest that the term could possibly be referring to practices of the tribal communities outside of the Vedic fold. One of the earliest firm textual evidence of Deva images, in the sense of Murti, is found in Jivikarthe Capanye by the Sanskrit grammarian who lived about 4th century BCE. He mentions Acala and Cala, with former referring to images in a shrine, and the latter meaning images that were carried from place to place. Panini also mentions Devalaka, meaning custodians of images of worship who show the images but do not sell them, as well as Jivika as people whose source of livelihood was the gifts they received from devotees.
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In ancient Sanskrit texts that follow Panini's work, numerous references are found to divine images with terms such as Devagrha, Devagara, Devakula, Devayatana and others. These texts, states Noel Salmond, strongly suggest that temples and Murti were in existence in ancient India by about 4th century BCE. Recent archaeological evidence confirms that the knowledge and art of sculpture was established in India by the period (3rd century BCE). By early 1st millennium BCE, the term Murti meant idols, image or statue in various Indian texts such as Bhavishya Purana verse 132.5.7, Brihat Samhita 1.8.29 and inscriptions in different parts of India.
The term Murti has been a more generic term referring to an idol or statue of anyone, either a deity, of any human being, animal or any art. Pratima includes Murti as well as painting of any non-anthropomorphic object. In contrast, Bera or Bimba meant 'idol of god' only, and Vigraha was synonymous with Bimba.
Murti in diverse Hindu traditions vary widely in their expression. Raudra or ugra images express destruction, fear and violence, such as Kali image on left. Shanta or saumya images express joy, knowledge and harmony, such as Saraswati (center). Saumya images are most common in. Murti (right) are an alternate form.
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A Murti in contemporary usage is any image or statue. It may be found inside or outside a temple or home, installed to be moved with a festive procession ( Utsava Murti), or just be a landmark. It is a significant part of Hindu iconography, and is implemented in many ways. Two major categories include:. Raudra or Ugra - are images that were meant to terrify, induce fear.
These typically have wide, circular eyes, carry weapons, have skulls and bones as adornment. These idols were worshipped by soldiers before going to war, or by people in times of distress or errors. Raudra deity temples were not set up inside villages or towns, but invariably outside and in remote areas of a kingdom. Shanta and Saumya - are images that were pacific, peaceful and expressive of love, compassion, kindness and other virtues in Hindu pantheon.
These images would carry symbolic icons of peace, knowledge, music, wealth, flowers, sensuality among other things. In ancient India, these temples were predominant inside villages and towns. Beyond forms of religious, some traditions of Hinduism cherish, where alternate symbols are shaped into a Murti, such as the for Shiva, for Devi, and the for Vishnu.
Methods and manuals. Proper Murti design is described in ancient and medieval Indian texts. They describe proportions, posture, expressions among other details, often referencing to nature.
The texts recommend materials of construction, proportions, postures and mudra, symbolic items the murti holds in its hands, colors, garments and ornaments to go with the murti of each god or goddess, vehicles of deities such as, bull and lion, and other details. The texts also include chapters on the design of Jaina and Buddhist murti, as well as reliefs of sages, apsaras, different types of devotees (based on bhakti yoga, jnana yoga, karma yoga, ascetics) to decorate the area near the murti. The texts recommend that the material of construction and relative scale of murti be correlated to the scale of the temple dimensions, using twelve types of comparative measurements. In Southern India, the material used predominantly for murtis is black, while material in North India is white. However, for some Hindus, it is not the materials used that matter, but the faith and meditation on the universal Absolute Brahman. More particularly, devotees meditate or worship on the formless God (nirguna ) through Murti symbolism of God (saguna Brahman) during a before a Murti, or the meditation on a in the case of Jainism, thus making the material of construction or the specific shape of the Murti not spiritually important.
According to, 'Only after achieving remarkable expertise in the portrayal of the Buddha figure and of animal and human, did Indian stonemasons turn to producing images of the orthodox 'Hindu' deities'. This view is, however, not shared by other scholars. Trudy King et al. State that stone images of reverential figures and guardian spirits ( ) were first produced in Jainism and Hinduism, by about 2 century BCE, as suggested by region excavations, and this knowledge grew into iconographic traditions and stone monuments in India including those for Buddhism. Role in worship. A Murti of mother goddess, from 6th century CE. Major Hindu traditions such as, and favor the use of Murti.
These traditions suggest that it is easier to dedicate time and focus on through or non-anthropomorphic. Hindu scriptures such as the, states in verse 12.5, “ It is much more difficult to focus on God as the unmanifested than God with form, due to human beings having the need to perceive via the senses. ” In Hinduism, states Jeaneane Fowler, a Murti itself is not god, it is an 'image of god' and thus a symbol and representation.
A Murti is a form and manifestation, states Fowler, of the formless Absolute. Thus a literal translation of Murti as idol is incorrect, when idol is understood as superstitious end in itself. Just like the photograph of a person is not the real person, a Murti is an image in Hinduism but not the real thing, but in both cases the image reminds of something of emotional and real value to the viewer. When a person worships a Murti, it is assumed to be a manifestation of the essence or spirit of the deity, the worshipper's spiritual ideas and needs are meditated through it, yet the idea of ultimate reality or is not confined in it. Devotional ( ) practices centered on cultivating a deep and personal bond of love with God, often expressed and facilitated with one or more Murti, and includes individual or community hymns, or singing ( bhajan, kirtan or aarti). Acts of devotion, in major temples particularly, are structured on treating the Murti as the manifestation of a revered guest, and the daily routine can include awakening the murti in the morning and making sure that it 'is washed, dressed, and garlanded.'
In Vaishnavism, the building of a temple for the murti is considered an act of devotion, but non-Murti symbolism is also common wherein the aromatic plant or Saligrama is an aniconic reminder of the spiritualism in Vishnu. These rituals with the Murti, correspond to ancient cultural practices for a beloved guest, and the Murti is welcomed, taken care of, and then requested to retire.
Christopher John Fuller states that an image in Hinduism cannot be equated with a deity and the object of worship is the divine whose power is inside the image, and the image is not the object of worship itself, Hindus believe everything is worthy of worship as it contains divine energy emanating from the one god. According to the, the Bimba Murti (स्थूलमूर्ति / बिम्बमूर्ति) is different from the Mantra Murti (मन्त्रमूर्ति) from the perspective of rituals, gestures, hymns and offerings.
Some Hindu denominations like and reject. Role in history. 8th-century ivory murti parts from.
Numerous Hindu and Buddhist temples and sculpture in Kashmir were built and destroyed, during Indian subcontinent's Islamic rule period. During this period, some murti of Hindu deities were preserved in Tibetan Buddhist monasteries. Murti and temples were well established in South Asia, before the start of in the late 12th century CE. They became a target of destruction during raids and religious wars between Islam and Hinduism through the 18th-century.
During the colonial era, Christian missionaries aiming to convert Hindus to Christianity wrote memoirs and books that were widely distributed in Europe, which Mitter, Pennington and other scholars call as fictionalized stereotypes, where Murti were claimed as the evidence of lack of spiritual heritage in primitive Hindus, of 'idolatry and savage worship of stones' practices akin to Biblical demons, calling Murti as monstrous devils to eroticized bizarre beings carved in stone. The British Missionary Society with colonial government's assistance bought and sometimes seized, then transferred Murti from India and displayed it in their 'trophies' room in the United Kingdom with the note claiming that these were given up by Hindus who now accept the 'folly and sin of idolatry'. In other instances, the colonial British authorities, seeking additional government revenue, introduced Pilgrim Tax on Hindus to view murti inside major temples. The missionaries and orientalist scholars attempted to justify the need for colonial rule of India by attacking Murti as a symbol of depravity and primitiveness, arguing that it was, states Tanisha Ramachandran, 'the White Man's Burden to create a moral society' in India. This literature by the Christian missionaries constructed the foundation of a 'Hindu image' in Europe, during the colonial era, and it blamed Murti idolatry as 'the cause for the ills of Indian society'. By 19th-century, ideas such as pantheism (universe is identical with god), contained in newly translated Sanskrit texts were linked to idolatry of murti and declared as additional evidence of superstitions and evil by Christian missionaries and colonial authorities in British India.
The polemics of Christian missionaries in colonial India triggered a debate among Hindus, yielding divergent responses. It ranged from activists such as who denounced all Murti, to who refused to denounce Murti and asked Hindus in India and Christians in the West to introspect, that images are used everywhere to help think and as a road to ideas, in the following words, Superstition is a great enemy of man, but bigotry is worse.
Why does a Christian go to church? Why is the cross holy? Why is the face turned toward the sky in prayer? Why are there so many images in the Catholic Church? Why are there so many images in the minds of Protestants when they pray?
My brethren, we can no more think about anything without a mental image than we can live without breathing. By the law of association the material image calls up the mental idea and vice versa.
— Vivekananda, World Parliament of Religions Religious intolerance and polemics, state Halbertal and Margalit, have historically targeted idols and material symbols cherished by other religions, while encouraging the worship of material symbols of one's own religion, characterizing the material symbols of others as grotesque and wrong, in some cases dehumanizing the others and encouraging the destruction of idols of the others. The outsider conflates and stereotypes the 'strange worship' of the other religions as 'false worship' first, then calls 'false worship' as 'improper worship and false belief' of pagan or an equivalent term, thereafter constructing an identity of the others as 'primitive and barbarians' that need to be saved, followed by justified intolerance and often violence against those who cherish a different material symbol than one's own. In the history of Hinduism and India, states Pennington, Hindu deity images ( Murti) have been a religious lens for focusing this anti-Hindu polemic and was the basis for distortions, accusations and attacks by non-Indian religious powers and missionaries. Significance Part of on. 6th-century murti carvings, Badami caves,.
Ancient Indian texts assert the significance of Murti in spiritual terms. The Vāstusūtra Upaniṣad, whose palm-leaf manuscripts were discovered in the 1970s among remote villages of – four in and one in crude, asserts that the doctrine of Murti art making is founded on the principles of origin and evolution of universe, is a 'form of every form of cosmic creator' that empirically exists in nature, and it functions to inspire a devotee towards contemplating the Ultimate Supreme Principle. This text, whose composition date is unknown but probably from late 1st millennium CE, discusses the significance of images as, state Alice Boner and others, 'inspiring, elevating and purifying influence' on the viewer and 'means of communicating a vision of supreme truth and for giving a taste of the infinite that lies beyond'. It adds (abridged): From the contemplation of images grows delight, from delight faith, from faith steadfast devotion, through such devotion arises that higher understanding ( parāvidyā) that is the royal road to. Without the guidance of images, the mind of the devotee may go ashtray and form wrong imaginations. Images dispel false imaginations.
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(. ) It is in the mind of Rishis (sages), who see and have the power of discerning the essence of all created things of manifested forms. They see their different characters, the divine and the demoniac, the creative and the destructive forces, in their eternal interplay.
It is this vision of Rishis, of gigantic drama of cosmic powers in eternal conflict, which the Sthapakas (Silpins, murti and temple artists) drew the subject-matter for their work. — Pippalada, Vāstusūtra Upaniṣad, Introduction by Alice Boner et al. In the fifth chapter of Vāstusūtra Upaniṣad, Pippalada asserts, 'from -rupa (essence of a form, underlying principle) come the pratirupani (images)'. In the sixth chapter, Pippalada repeats his message that the artist portrays the particular and universal concepts, with the statement 'the work of the Sthapaka is a creation similar to that of the ' (that which created the universe). Non-theistic Jaina scholars such as Jnansundar, states John Cort, have argued the significance of murti along the same lines, asserting that 'no matter what the field – scientific, commercial, religious – there can be no knowledge without an icon', images are part of how human beings learn and focus their thoughts, icons are necessary and inseparable from spiritual endeavors in. While murti are an easily and commonly visible aspect of Hinduism, they are not necessary to Hindu worship.
Among Hindus, states Gopinath Rao, one who has realized Self (Soul, ) and the Universal Principle (Brahman, god) within himself, there is no need for any temple or divine image for worship. Those who have yet to reach this height of realization, various symbolic manifestations through images, idols and icons as well as mental modes of worship are offered as one of the spiritual paths in the Hindu way of life. This belief is repeated in ancient Hindu scriptures. For example, the Jabaladarshana Upanishad states.